The Evolution of Risk Accounting
The Call for Risk Accounting: Lessons from Professor Andrew Lo
In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the world’s financial system was shaken to its core. The crisis revealed deep flaws in how risks were managed and reported across the banking sector, leading to widespread calls for reform. Among the most vocal proponents of change was Professor Andrew Lo, a leading financial economist whose work has significantly influenced modern risk management practices.
In this article, we will explore Professor Lo’s critique of traditional accounting methods, his arguments for the development of risk accounting, and how his insights provide a critical foundation for understanding the need for a new approach to managing financial risks.

Prof. Andrew Lo
Andrew W. Lo is the Charles E. and Susan T. Harris Professor, a Professor of Finance, and the Director of the Laboratory for Financial Engineering at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Lo’s current research spans four areas: evolutionary models of investor behavior and adaptive markets, artificial intelligence and financial technology, healthcare finance, and impact investing. Recent projects include: an evolutionary explanation for bias and discrimination and how to reduce their effects; a new analytical framework for measuring the impact of impact investing; the potential for large language models to provide trustworthy financial advice to retail investors; new statistical tools for predicting clinical trial outcomes, incorporating patient preferences into the drug approval process; and accelerating innovation in deep tech via novel business, financing, and payment models.
Source: Professor’s Lo MIT Profile
The Inadequacies of Traditional Accounting
Traditional accounting methods, governed by frameworks like GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), have long been the backbone of financial reporting. These methods are designed to provide a clear and consistent view of a company’s financial performance, primarily focusing on historical data such as revenues, expenses, and profits. However, as Professor Lo pointed out in his post-crisis testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives, these methods are “backward-looking by definition and not ideally suited for providing risk transparency.”
This backward-looking nature means that traditional accounting often fails to account for the risks that could lead to future financial losses. For example, while a bank’s balance sheet might show strong profits and a healthy capital base, it might not reveal the underlying risks — such as exposure to subprime mortgages or complex derivatives — that could potentially lead to a collapse.
Lo argued that this lack of transparency was one of the key factors contributing to the 2008 financial crisis. Financial institutions, regulators, and investors were all operating with an incomplete picture of the risks embedded within the financial system. As a result, when these risks materialized, the consequences were catastrophic.
The Case for Risk Accounting
In his testimony, Professor Lo made a compelling case for the creation of a new branch of accounting — risk accounting — that would focus exclusively on risk budgeting and transparency. He stated, “A new branch of accounting — risk accounting — must be developed and widely implemented before we can truly measure and manage systemic risk on a global scale.”
Risk accounting, as envisioned by Lo, would fundamentally change how risks are measured, managed, and reported. Instead of focusing solely on past financial performance, risk accounting would integrate risk measures directly into financial statements. This would provide a forward-looking view of a company’s risk profile, allowing stakeholders to better understand the potential threats to its financial stability.
Lo’s vision for risk accounting was not just about improving financial reporting; it was also about enhancing the overall regulatory framework. He emphasized that “this challenge is not just a regulatory one but requires regulators to collaborate with accountants and financial experts to develop a completely new set of accounting principles focused exclusively on risk budgeting.” In other words, risk accounting would require a coordinated effort between regulators, accountants, and financial professionals to create a more resilient financial system.
Building on Lo’s Insights
Professor Lo’s call for risk accounting was a response to the systemic failures that had become all too apparent during the financial crisis. His insights highlighted the need for a new approach to accounting — one that could capture the complexities of modern financial markets and provide greater transparency into the risks that companies face.
This is where risk accounting comes into play. As discussed in the previous article, risk accounting is designed to quantify and account for non-financial risks, such as operational, environmental, and strategic risks. These are the types of risks that traditional accounting methods often overlook, yet they can have a significant impact on a company’s financial health.
For instance, consider the case of Silicon Valley Bank, which we discussed earlier. The bank’s financial statements showed strong profits, but they did not reveal the extreme risks that the bank had accepted. When these risks materialized, the bank collapsed, leading to significant losses for investors and regulators. If risk accounting had been in place, it would have provided a clearer picture of the bank’s risk profile, potentially preventing its failure.
How Risk Accounting Can Help
Risk accounting offers several key benefits that can help address the shortcomings identified by Professor Lo:
- Forward-Looking Risk Management: Unlike traditional accounting, which focuses on past financial performance, risk accounting provides a forward-looking view of a company’s risks. This allows companies to identify and manage potential threats before they materialize, reducing the likelihood of wide-spread financial crises.
- Enhanced Transparency: By integrating risk measures into financial statements, risk accounting provides greater transparency into the risks that companies face. This can help investors, regulators, and other stakeholders make more informed decisions, ultimately leading to a more stable financial system.
- Better Decision-Making: With a clearer understanding of their risk profile, companies can make better decisions about how to allocate resources, manage capital, and plan for the future. This can lead to improved financial performance and reduced vulnerability to shocks.
- Improved Regulatory Oversight: Risk accounting can also enhance the regulatory framework by providing regulators with more accurate and timely information about the risks facing the financial system. This can help regulators identify emerging threats and take action before they lead to a crisis.
A Brief Introduction to Risk Accounting
For those who are new to the concept, risk accounting is a method that combines traditional accounting practices with risk management techniques. It involves identifying, quantifying, and aggregating risks across an organization, and then incorporating these risk measures into financial statements. The goal is to provide a more comprehensive and transparent view of a company’s financial health, enabling better decision-making and more effective risk management.
Conclusion
Professor Andrew Lo’s insights into the limitations of traditional accounting methods have laid the groundwork for a new approach to financial risk management. Risk accounting, as he envisioned it, has the potential to transform how companies measure and manage their risks, leading to a more stable and resilient financial system.
As we continue this series, we’ll explore further aspects of risk accounting and its potential to address the challenges facing the financial industry today. For those interested in learning more about risk accounting, additional resources are available that delve deeper into its principles and applications.
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